### CSV format

A quick CSV (Comma Separated Values) reference:

#### Row separator

  \n   \r\n

In order to separate lines, use a newline character sequence.

Most loaders probably support the \r sequence too. (Especially on MacOS/X)

#### Value separator

  ,  |  <tab> (\t)

As the name states, values are separated by commas. This is the default although most loaders support other characters. Commonly used characters are pipes and tabs.

#### Quoting

  "   ""
##### Separator

Values that include a separator need to be quoted. For this, the double quote is used (i.e. similar to a C string).

##### Double Quotes

When the value includes a double quote, then two double quotes are used. This the value

This "word" is too long

becomes

"This ""word"" is too long"

##### Spaces

Quoting should be used if the value starts and ends with spaces so they do not get trimmed. Many tools will trim the spaces even though it is not formal.

##### New-line

Quoted values can include a new-line character

"This sentence
wraps"

#### Example

  Cars,Color
Chevrolet,White
Ford,Green
Nissan,Purple
Peugeot,Yellow
Mercedes,"Blue Green"
"Rolls Royce",Pink
Ferarri,Red
"""Other""",Unknown


## Diverse Realty

Want a New Home?

Call Alex at
+1 (916)
220 6482

Alexis Wilke, Realtor
Salesperson
Lic. # 02024063

Cory Marcus, Broker
Lic. # 01079165

## Terms of Site Index

Find the page/content you are looking for with our index.

• .dylib
Dynamic Library--the Mac OS/X naming convention for dynamic libraries. Not too sure why they choose that extension since FreeBSD uses .so just like most other Unices... To confuse people, maybe?
• IsEmpty
• IsMissing
• Windows
• number

All software make use of numbers. Everything is a number. The most basic number in a computer is 0 or 1. This is called a bit. These are represented with electricity. Although in most cases we see it as 0 - Ground and 1 - Voltage (i.e. 1 volt), the bit representation in software and in hardware may be interpreted either way (i.e. a 0 could mean that the voltage is 1V and not 0V.)

Combining these zeroes and ones we offer end users to handle much larger numbers. With 8 bits, you can have numbers from 0 to 255 (unsigned) or -128 to +127 (signed.) Now a day, computers can handle a much larger number of bits in one cycle. Most processors use 64 bits but they can calculate numbers on 128, 256, and for some 1024 bits at once. Also with parallelism, the size can be viewed as even larger (i.e. handling a 64 bit number in 1,536 threads like on my old nVidra Quadro 600 is equivalent to one large number of 98,304 bits! That would be 2 power 98,304 possibilitie or about 2.8359e+29592 in decimal.)

Integers are easy to handle. Although when working on math problems you generally see the set of avaialble numbers as equivalent to N although mathematicians know that computers can really only handle a limited set of numbers. For example, on a 64 bit computer, the usual range is -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807, This is generally enough although at times some equations have to be reworked to avoid really large or small intermediate numbers that work fine in math equations, but not so well on computers.

Now, math also includes other sets of numbers such as D, R, and C. Computers do not offer any way to represent numbers in R or C but they can offer D to some extend. These numbers are called floating point numbers because we do math using an exponent. The exponent makes the decimal point "float" in any location as the number used for the exponent offers. Using a 64 bit floating point, you can have positive and negative numbers with precision varing betwee 10-308 and 10+308. This includes a positive zero (+0) and a negative zero (-0), which is import in a few cases (although +0 = -0 is true, you can get the sign of a number and distinguish both zeroes). Note that at first decimal numbers were going to also have a positive and negative zero, but it was instead decided to have one more negative number (remember, with 8 bits we have signed numbers from -128 to +127, this is because in the positive numbers we have a 0 which we don't have in the negative numbers.)